Gas Leak Sensing In Cars Using Embedded System Engineering Essay

Abstraction: Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odorless, toxic gas whose primary beginning indoor is the uncomplete burning of fossil fuels. Carbon Monoxide is the most toxic which restricts the flow of O to the encephalon, rendering the individual dead within proceedingss. The chief purpose of this thesis is to develop a system to observe the being of C monoxide inside a auto, due the malfunctioning of the air conditioner and to supply an exigency mechanization to avoid any build-up of C monoxide gas. The mechanization involves uninterrupted monitoring of CO degrees and triping relays to run the exigency system, when CO degrees reach a high value. The GSM engineering can be used when a vehicle met with an accident, instantly the location, vehicle figure, individual to reach figure, reference and the medical history will be transferred to the nearest aid desk. Keywords: Carbon monoxide, MQ-7 detector, Microcontroller AT89s51, GSM engineering Introduction Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas whose primary beginning indoor is the uncomplete burning of fossil fuels. The job that we are seeking to get the better of is Carbon Monoxide leak in a auto. When the air-conditioner malfunctions, there is a CO leak, which can be risky, sing that most of the autos are air-conditioned. In the event of people acquiring stuck in the auto during a CO leak, it could turn out fatal, as this gas is really toxic. It mixes with the haemoglobin in blood and signifiers carboxy-hemoglobin, which restricts the flow of O to the encephalon, rendering the individual dead within proceedingss. The molecule consists of a C atom that is triply bonded to an O atom. Carbon monoxide is a commercially of import chemical. It is besides formed in many chemical reactions and in the thermal or uncomplete decomposition of many organic stuffs. Dangerous sums of CO can roll up when as a consequence of hapless installing, hapless care or failure or harm to an contraption in service, the fuel is non burned decently, or when suites are ill ventilated and Carbon Monoxide is unable to get away. Having no odor, gustatory sensation or coloring material, in today ‘s universe of improved insularity and dual glazing it has become progressively of import to hold good airing, maintain all contraptions on a regular basis and to hold perfectly dependable sensor dismaies installed giving both a ocular and hearable warning instantly there is a build up of CO to unsafe degrees. 1.1 The effects of Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide toxicants by come ining the lungs via the normal external respiration mechanism and displacing O from the blood stream. Break of the normal supply of O puts at hazard the maps of the bosom, encephalon and other critical maps of the organic structure. Carbon Monoxide produces the undermentioned physiological effects on people exposed to the concentrations shown: Table No 1.1 Safety Degrees The above information is for a healthy grownup. Persons enduring from bosom or respiratory wellness jobs, babies and little kids, unborn kids, anticipant female parents and pets can be affected by CO poisoning more rapidly than others in the family and may be the first to demo symptoms. 1.2 Corrective Action Evacuate & gt ; Ventilate & gt ; Investigate Travel the affected individual to fresh air.A Administer O if available. Contact medical aid. If the individual is non eupneic, perform unreal respiration as taught in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training until medical aid arrives. Vent the country. Investigate the beginning of C monoxide and do fixs. The most of import thing that one can make to protect oneself and one ‘s household from the dangers of Carbon Monoxide toxic condition is by acquiring a Carbon Monoxide Sensor Alarm with a low degree index. If one can suit a sensor one can at least be certain, holding carried out all the about safety cheques, that he is protected. 1.3 EMERGING Technology Dae-Eun Park, Taegyu Kimb, Sejin Kwon, Choong-Ki Kima, Euisik Yoon, ( 3 ) presents the Successful execution, â€Å" Micromachined methanol steam reforming system as a H provider for portable proton exchange membrane fuel cells † , In this paper, a fresh hydrogen-supplying device for fuel cells has been designed, fabricated, and demonstrated. The proposed H provider is a micromachined one-chip fuel processing system including vaporiser, catalytic combustor and methyl alcohol steam reformist. This fuel processing system utilizes the thermic energy generated from the catalytic H burning to heat up the full system. For the catalytic burning, we have introduced C nanotubes as a encouraging construction of Pt accelerator for the first clip. We have besides developed a new surfacing method of reforming accelerator ( Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 ) and observed that equal sum of H can be generated for PEM fuel cells. We have successfully reported the feasibleness of the proposed fuel processing system . â€Å" Handheld laser-based detector for distant sensing of toxic and risky gases † ( 7 ) . A new optical tool, which will assist petrochemical refinery and chemical processing works forces locate the beginning of a toxic or risky gas leak while staying outside the margin of the processing country, has been demonstrated. This detector is capable of turn uping leaks from a distance of about 20 m, with a response clip of less than 1 2nd. By heightening the velocity with which leaks can be located, the hazard of an inchoate failure going a ruinous failure is reduced significantly. The tool is based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy ( TDLAS ) . TDLAS is presently being utilized in these industrial environments in permanently-installed open-path constellations to feel releases of selected gases as they exit the processing country. The detector described here combines a lightweight, portable optical transceiver with battery-operated electronics in a individual handheld bundle. By standing in a safe country and â€Å" polishing † the eye-safe optical maser beam emanating from this device onto suspected leak beginnings, operators may quickly insulate the beginning while minimising their possible exposure to the jeopardy. The detector can be configured to feel leaks ensuing in path-integrated concentrations of, for illustration, 2 ppm-m of H fluoride, 200 ppm-m of H sulphide, or 10 ppm-m of methane. Dr. Stetter ‘s ( 4 ) says, ‘The new detector utilizing a nano-particulate composite plastic for electronic conductivity within the detectors ‘ cell wall. â€Å" It is astonishing what such an invention does for the detector interior decorator, comments Dr. Stetter. To be able to plan a detector with no wires or connections to the electrodes eliminates the major beginning of detector failure over clip. With the new nanotechnology enabled T-Series detectors, a bantam low-cost bundle that is more robust is the consequence. Vishad Patel, Senior Engineer of Transducer Technology, Inc. says, â€Å" In add-on to leting the new bantam detector design, † â€Å" we get to do radical low profile level detectors with fewer fabrication stairss. † All of these characteristics may be great for applied scientists but the client besides benefits to a great extent from this new attack to sensor merchandises. The first detector attempted with the nanotechnology was a CO [ C monoxide ] detector. The consequences are astonishing, high public presentation CO detectors, even better public presentation specifications, like response clip and stableness, than most of the bing detectors. The EMI intervention appears to be less than the current offerings for CO detectors besides. This means the client can freely plan bantam, rugged, accurate, and low power CO metres that are guaranteed to run in a broad assortment of environments and applications. J.Ayala, Donald.P.Eckman, Evangelous Petroutsos ( 9 ) says, â€Å" Micro Controller 8951 † . A microcontroller ( besides MCU or A µC ) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor stressing autonomy and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a all-purpose microprocessor ( the sort used in a Personal computer ) . In add-on to all arithmetic and logic elements of a general intent microprocessor, the microcontroller normally besides integrates extra elements such as read-only and read-write memory, and input/output interfaces. 1.4. Block DiagramCO gas DetectorGSM ModemRS 232Door Locking/Unlocking Unit of measurementSignal ConditionerAT89S51Driving CircuitA detector is a type of transducer, or mechanism that responds to a CO gas by bring forthing another type of energy signal. The Sensor that we use in the undertaking is MQ-7. A signal conditioner is a device that converts one type of electronic signal into another type of signal. Its primary usage is to change over a signal that may be hard to read by conventional instrumentality into a more easy read format. In executing this transition a figure of maps may take topographic point. They include: Amplification Electrical Isolation Linearization Cold Junction Compensation Excitement A microcontroller ( besides MCU or A µC ) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor stressing autonomy and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a all-purpose microprocessor ( the sort used in a Personal computer ) . Microcontrollers are often used in automatically controlled merchandises and devices, such as car engine control systems, office machines, contraptions, power tools, and playthings. By cut downing the size, cost, and power ingestion compared to a design utilizing a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to electronically command many more procedures. In telecommunications, RS-232 ( Recommended Standard 232 ) is a criterion for consecutive binary informations signals linking between a DTE ( Data terminal equipment ) and a DCE ( Data Circuit-terminating Equipment ) . It is normally used in computing machine series ports. A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM radio web. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The chief difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives informations through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives informations through wireless moving ridges. A GSM modem can be an external device or a Personal computer Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computing machine through a consecutive overseas telegram or a USB overseas telegram. A GSM modem in the signifier of a Personal computer Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for usage with a laptop computing machine. Detector A detector is a type of transducer, or mechanism that responds to a type of energy by bring forthing another type of energy signal, normally electrical. They are either direct indicating ( an electrical metre ) or are paired with an index ( possibly indirectly through an parallel to digital convertor, a computing machine and a show ) so that the value sensed is translated for human apprehension. A device that responds to a stimulation, such as heat, visible radiation, or force per unit area and generates a signal that can be measured or interpreted is called a SENSOR. 2.1 Types of SENSORS Types of detectors include electromagnetic, chemical, biological and acoustic. Aside from other applications, detectors are to a great extent used in medical specialty, industry and robotics. In order to move as an effective detector, the undermentioned guidelines must be followed: The detector should be sensitive to the measured variable. The detector should be insensitive to any other variable. The detector should non act upon the measured variable. In theory, when the detector is working absolutely, the end product signal of a detector is precisely relative to the value of the parametric quantity it is meant to mensurate. The addition is so defined as the ratio between end product signal and measured variable. For illustration, if a detector measures temperature and has an existent electromotive force end product, the addition is a changeless with the unit. 2.2 CO SENSOR MQ-7 The Sensor that we use in our undertaking is a commercial merchandise from Hanwei Electronics Ltd. China. The detector is composed of micro Al2O3 ceramic tubing, Tin Dioxide ( SnO2 ) sensitive bed, mensurating electrode and warmer are fixed into a crust made by plastic and unstained steel cyberspace. The warmer provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive constituents. The enveloped MQ-7 Sensor has 6 pins, 4 of which are used to bring signals ; the other 2 are used for supplying heating current. 2.2.1 Features of the Sensor The assorted characteristics of the MQ-7 is listed below High sensitiveness to carbon monoxide. Stable and long life. Miniature size and low power ingestion. Low Cost. 2.2.2 Applications of the Sensor Residential and commercial CO sensors. Air quality accountants. Ventilation control for indoor parking garages. These electronic sensors sound against a fire by feeling CO degrees in the air. Demand controlled airing for offices, exhibition centres, hotels, tunnels, mines and auto Parkss. Pollution Control for the vehicles. 2.2.3 Specifications Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark TaoUsing temperature-20i‚ °-50i‚ ° Tantalum Storage temperature -20i‚ °-50i‚ ° Advice utilizing range Rhesus factor Relative humidness Less than 95 % RH O2 Oxygen concentration 21 % ( stand status ) the O concentration can impact the sensitiveness. Minimum value is over 2 % The tabular array 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 are the specifications of the MQ-7 detector. Table No 2.1 Standard Work Conditions Table No 2.2 Environment conditions Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark VC Circuit Voltage 5VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc VH ( H ) Heating Voltage ( high ) 5VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc VH ( L ) Heating Voltage ( low ) 1.4VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc RL Load Resistance Can set Rhesus factor Heating Resistance 33I ©A ±5 % Room Temp. TH ( H ) Heating Time ( high ) 60A ±1 seconds TH ( L ) Heating Time ( low ) 90A ±1 seconds Ph Heating Consumption Less than 330mw Table No 2.3 Sensitivity features Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark Roentgen Surface opposition Of sensitive organic structure 2-20k In 100ppmCarbon Monoxide? ( 300/100ppm ) Concentration incline rate Less than 0.5 Rs ( 300ppm ) /Rs ( 100ppm ) Standard working status Temperature -20i‚ °CA ±2i‚ °C: Relative humidness 65 % A ±5 % : RL: 10KI ©A ±5 % VC: 5VA ±0.1V VH: 5VA ±0.1V VH: 1.4VA ±0.1V Preheat clip No less than 48 hours Detecting scope: 20ppm-2000ppm C monoxide 2.2.4 Structure of the Sensor MQ-7 Structure and constellation of MQ-7 gas detector is shown as Figure 2.1. ( Configuration A or B ) Figure No 2.1: Detector construction of MQ-7 2.2.5 Basic Measuring Circuit As shown in Figure 2.2, standard mensurating circuit of MQ-7 sensitive constituents consists of 2 parts: One is the heating circuit holding clip control map ( the high electromotive force and the low electromotive force work circularly ) , the 2nd is the signal end product circuit: it can accurately react alterations of surface opposition of the detector. Figure No 2.2: Measuring Circuit of Sensor 2.2.6 Operation Principle The surface opposition of the detector RS is obtained through accomplished electromotive force signal end product of the burden opposition RL which series-wound. The relationship between them is described by 2.2.6.1:RSRL = ( VC-VRL ) / VRL 2.2.6.1Figure No 2.3 Clocking Diagram of Sensor Figure 2.3 shows alterable state of affairs of RL signal end product measured by utilizing Fig.2.2 Circuit Output signal, when the detector is shifted from clean air to Carbon Monoxide ( CO ) , Output Signal measuring is made within one or two complete heating period ( 2.5 minute from high electromotive force to low electromotive force ) . Sensitive bed of MQ-7 gas sensitive constituents is made of SnO2 with stableness. So, it has first-class long-run stableness. Its service life can make 5 old ages under utilizing status. 2.2.7 Sensitivity Adjustment for the Sensor Resistance value of MQ-7 is different to assorted sorts and concentration of gases. So, when utilizing these constituents, sensitiveness accommodation is really of import. It is recommended that the sensor is calibrated for 200ppm CO in air and Load opposition ( RL ) needed is about 10 KI © ( 5KI © to 47 KI © ) . For accurate measuring, the proper dismay point for the gas sensor should be determined after sing the temperature and humidness influence. The sensitiveness accommodation algorithm is as follows: a. Connect the detector to the application circuit. B. Turn on the power, Preheat through electricity for over 48 hours. c. Adjust the burden opposition RL until a signal value is obtained, which responds to a certain Carbon Monoxide concentration at the terminal point of 90 seconds. d. Adjust another burden opposition RL until you get a signal value is obtained which is respond to a Carbon Monoxide concentration at the terminal point of 60 seconds. Figure No 2.4: Sensitivity Features of the MQ-7 Fig.2.4 shows the typical Sensitivity Characteristics of the MQ-7 Sensor for several gases. Figure 2.5: gives the Dependence of MQ-7 on Temperature and Humidity Temp: 20i‚ °C: Humidity: 65 % : O2 concentration 21 % : RL=10kI © Ro: Detector Resistance at 100ppm CO in the clean air. Roentgen: Detector Resistance at assorted concentrations of gases. Figure No 2.5: Dependence of MQ-7 on Temperature and Humidity.CO Gas DetectorThe Micro-controller has many more grounds to be used than the microprocessors. Automatically controlled merchandises and devices, cut downing the size, cost, and power ingestion and increasing informations transportation velocity, memory. The figure 3.1 gives the portion of the circuit of the thesis. Circuit Diagram of Gas Detector3.1 Automation after CO is detectedThis undertaking intends to get the better of the unsafe state of affairs that those three people found themselves in, on that fatal twenty-four hours. Using the Sensor MQ-7, after CO is detected, Emergency Automation and Control is provided, based on the degree of CO detected. From the tabular array 1.1, we see assorted degrees of CO in ppm. These degrees indicate the degrees of toxicity and its effects on Human Beings. The lock of the door, which is portion of the cardinal lockup system, is unbarred automatically. Redundantly, a doorbell is sounded to bespeak that the doors are unbarred to enable speedy issue from the auto. As already explained, when the first degree of CO is reached, the slit on top of the auto opens leting fresh air to come in in, while the exhaust fan removes CO from indoors. The consequence of this operation can be witnessed on the LCD, where the CO degree lessenings. Redundancy is implemented here in the signifier of two exigency actions taking topographic point at the same clip. By and large, this degree is non reached because the first action is really good in cut downing the CO degree inside the auto. But, in dire fortunes, when there is an exponential buildup of CO degree in the auto, due to unknown grounds and the first action is turn outing to be inefficient, the 2nd exigency action takes over. Hence, Redundancy is besides implemented here for Safety. Following actions take topographic point on making the 2nd degree. The doors are unbarred automatically. An exact reproduction of a existent auto door mechanism is used here.4.1. Future EnhancementThe particular characteristics of this â€Å" GSM Based CO Gas Leak Sensing Using Embedded System † have been discussed in the old chapters. Now let us see how this undertaking can be enhanced in the hereafter with the latest approaching engineerings.This undertaking being a crisis direction mechanization system can be enhanced with the WAP engineering. With this the current readings of the degree of the CO degrees or the other parametric quantities involved can be sent through to a few of import Mobile phones when risky degrees are reached. Besides this can be used in assorted other state of affairss like mills, industries and other topographic points where CO buildup may happen. The chief difference in the undertaking would be to take the appropriate CO detector as the state of affairs requires. CO Sensors with higher degrees of sensitiveness are available.4.2 DecisionA really accurate and effectual method to observe CO degrees within inside a auto has been devised. Besides two degrees of mechanization have been incorporated to battle any addition in CO degrees within the auto. The whole undertaking is really cost effectual and can be implemented in any sort of auto right from the basic theoretical account to the luxury autos. The life of the CO detector is besides really long and its dependability is really good. Besides assorted other parametric quantities can be continuously monitored and displayed in the show. This adds diverseness to the undertaking and enables multi tasking.

Advertising Campaign Case Study New BMW Series Essay

1.0 Description of campaign-â€Å"DESIGNED FOR DRIVING PLEASURE†Ã‚  BMW is the German manufacturer Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (as known as Bavarian Motor Works) which is one amongst the luxurious and advanced brand in motor vehicle industry, such as Mercedes-Benz and Audi. Its product is not only automotive vehicle, also refer to motorcycle and Formula One. However, BMW automotive is more well known than others. â€Å"Designed for driving pleasure†is BMW launched a new international campaign focused on design in Germany. The integrated global campaign highlights the dynamism of BMW design and features a TV commercial that portrays the BMW concept 4 Series Coupe in a highly dynamic way, using a surprising visual effect that is revealed at the end of the spot. Design and dynamics are also the focus of the print campaign. Ropes are used in the image to create the motion blur effect normally seen in real driving shots. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay Unlike previous global campaigns of BMW, this new Designed for Driving Pleasure features the all new 4 Series Concept, instead of a production models. The advertisement campaign also features a download app called AD Essence specially for IPad and Android phones. The design and presentation of this new app is thanks to Architectural Digest magazine along with BMW Group Design while the campaign will be aired on company web-side â€Å"www. Bmw.de† from today. This is a global campaign which will have a worldwide reach in the first quarter of 2013 drawing special attention to BMW Concept 4 Series Coupe. At the same time, the campaign brings to the fore all what BMW stands for, be it dynamics of design, sheer driving pleasure, enhanced performance, and vehicles with a marked degree of sportiness and elegance. The print campaign showcased the BMW Concept 4 Series Coupe and the new BMW Z4 which is expected to be launched across Germany from March 16,2013. (Sagar Patel, 2013) 2.0 Market group-â€Å"Up-market† The main market group to whom the advertisement campaign from BMW-â€Å"Designed for driving pleasure† could be identified by demographic assessing variable aspects from consumers’ age, gender or income. Demographic analysis is used in two ways-as market segment descriptors and in trend analysis. To create descriptors of market segments, marketers match demographic and psychographic profiles of a segment with its consumer behavior. The demographic variables that correlate sufficiently with specific consumer behavior are then used to describe that segment. In this sense, demographics are used as a proxy for how consumers will behave, based on characteristics such as age, income level and ethnicity. When marketers do not have primary research, demographics information can be used to guide new development, product repositioning, brand extension, distribution strategies or media and creative appeals in communications programs. (Blackwell, 2000) The 4 Series advertisement from BMW is not only found to concentrate on a particular psychographic market, and it’s about promote a new car that stands for dynamic performance, sportiness and elegance. The target of BMW 4 Series is not only for achievers but also for strivers and other else who have ability to buy it. So, rather than psychographic, the BMW 4 Series campaign can be said to rely more on social-demographics. According to the demographics segmentation theory, the up-market, often referred to as â€Å"super-affluent†, represents the top quintile (20 percent) of consumers in terms of income. These holds often consist of two income-earners who place high value on time, because time is scarcer than money for them. They usually value extra services-such as offers of semi-prepared food, organic food at higher prices in some supermarkets or the shopping nights offered by David Jones or similar stores for exclusive attendance of their store cardholders that some retailers provide to capture new customers. (Blackwell, 2000) In the demographics theory up-market is the customers who prefer a good quality product or service even though it would spend more money such as BWM. BWM is one amongst the leading brands in vehicle industry as we known. And Compare to other car companies like Toyota, Holden, BMW is not cheaper than them, but it would has a better quality or service and the customers also have a different sense. For 4 series: Acceleration, breaking, taking fast corners-pure driving pleasure. BMW products promise sheer diving pleasure that clear lines and distinctively sculpted surfaces express this dynamism and motion even when the car is standing still. What is said above, the product which BMW campaign promoted, it is almost focus on the target of up-market. 3.0 Problem recognition When considering making a consumer decision, problem/need recognition is the first step. It is easy and helpful for marketers to identify the reasons for customers to buy their products, as the analysis of the problem recognition and buyer behaviors. The campaign of BMW is to make a ‘4 Series Coupe has its own character within the BMW family and combines all that BMW stands for: dynamic performance, sportiness and elegance.’(Horatiu Boeriu, 2013) Obviously, the problems that the advertisement seeks to address are providing a product which is practical and also elegant. BMW is a band which meets the needs of high quality car and showing the status of customers. When people driving a BMW across the road, the strangers on the road side may attractive by the design of the car, as BMW emphasizes making a good fist impression (John Brink, 2013). On the other hand, it is important for drivers to think about is the performance of the car (John Brink, 2013). BMW offers comfortable conditions of driving experience as well as passengers feeling. Customers may require a ‘smooth, balance, and capable’ journey when driving a car, regardless of straight motorways or narrow, and winding country lanes (John Brink, 2013). In addition, safety of the car is also an important element for consumers to consider. There is no end for BMW to quest the next innovation about safety (BMW, 2013). When having a fascinating appearance, safety can be a difficult and important part for BMW to do research and development. In general, the nature of the decision made by BMW of this 4 Series Coupe is to meet the needs of both attractive surface and car performance and safety. However, the potential risk of the 4 Series Coupe is that it is a high class of consumption. According to the research, the New BMW 4 series will sale at the end of 2013, which costs an expected price of  £28,000 (Luke madden, 2013). It is more expensive than 3 Series, and competitively with A5. That is to say, BMW 4 Series Coupe is a premium luxury item which is priced higher than any other car of its competitors. As a result, this risk leads to lose some of the customers who cannot afford it. 4.0 Theory and application BMW aims for a simple design and classic that attracts from every angle and that will age well. The core values of BMW brand is providing quality, technology, performance and exclusivity. For BMW, performance is the most concerned rather than speed (BMW Blog). Nowadays, BMW is launching an international campaign – Design for driving pleasure to introduce the concept 4 Series Coupà ©. â€Å"The BMW Concept 4 Series Coupà © has its own character within the BMW family and combines all that BMW stands for: sportiness, dynamic performance and elegance†, said by Karim Hbib, head of BMW Design (BMW blog). Like Mercedes-Benz, BMW stands for luxury and successful. Consumer motivation refers to the drive to satisfy both psychological and physiological needs through product consumption and purchase (Blackwell, D’Souze, Taghian, Miniard, Engel. 2007). Physiological needs are the most basic needs, including more than food and drink. Sometimes people may not feel hungry but they still want to eat something, this physiological need of consumption is the need for pleasure. For BMW crazy fans and collectors, the BMW Concept 4 Series Coupà © is newly introduced into market place. Those who have financial abilities may have the eager to purchase the fresh ground car even though they don’t lack of car. Furthermore, the 4 Series Coupà © is more focus on sportiness, this factor may attract more successful businessmen’s attention. They could drive 5 or 7 series BMW during business time, while they could drive 4 Series Coupà © during leisure time. As we could see, the 4 Series Coupà © has streamlined design, which adds more fashion elements to 4 Series Coupà ©, this factors may attract more young people and females, especially in fashion industry. Most people want to give a good impression to public and be perceived as complying with various social norms in order to gain social esteem and approval (Olof, 2006). We all want our family to be proud: some even want to be seen and recognized as successful and rich; others want to be viewed as attractive. This is called social image needs – the need to project a certain image of ourselves to our social environment (Blackwell†¦et. al. 2007). BMW represents successful. The new 4 Series Coupà © reflects not only young and fashion factors but also successful. According to Ozaki and Sevastyanova’s report, the relationship between the possibilities produced by technological innovations and actual sustainable outcomes is heavily mediated by consumers’attitudes towards those innovations. The 4 Series Coupà © brings the fashion, sportiness and luxury image of BMW to public, which drives new market consumption. Customer engagement refers to the engagement of customers with one another, with a company or a brand (Vaughn. 2012). BMW has already creates its company and brand loyalty during the past years. The new 4 Series Coupà © once is launched, BMW customers who are engaged with BMW would pay attention. 5.0 Strategy assessment and conclusion BMW is involved a high-involved buyer behavior, as it has a complex thinking and research process during buying a car. It is not like purchasing milk, customers have to compare and do more research about the products. This campaign uses marketing communication to increase the product awareness, including print, TV, social media and out of home advertising (Sagar Patel, 2013). The advertising is trying to use the vehicle’s design with the special visual effect as the product feature (Sagar Patel, 2013). Compare to the global campaign of BMW before, instead of presenting statistics of the models and the functions, this campaign use an image and an app called AD Essene, as the design of the product is the most important purchase reason (Horatiu Boeriu, 2013). The purpose of these promotions is to attract the target market customers and making them interested in this product. On the other hand, the dynamic moving car on the TV advertising which looks elegant and balance also make people feel the 4 Series Coupe is a good choice. Obviously, the 4 Series Coupe is target customers who are achievers, as it is a high class of consumption. The ads can be found not only on the TV, Internet, Magazines, but also on the out of the door globally, in other words, people can easily find the ads all over the world. As a result, the products can look attractive to everyone, especially for the high class people who are affordable to buy this product. In addition, this advertisement may target people who are fashionable, as the new design of the fascinating appearance. To fit within the whole campaign, the advertisement should make motivation for customers to buy this car. Currently, it is popular for a family to own a car, especially for the rich family, they can have more than one can in their home. That is to say, people who can afford BMW may consider about purchase more cars for their family. The advertisement can be posted and exposure frequently on the CBD office Building, the famous commercial magazines, as well as commercial and financial websites, so that potential customers can get the product information easily and simply.

Analysis and interpretation of ”Elephant”

When all hopes and dreams are abandoned from our lives, the only thing we can do is taking advantage of others lives and make it our own. A life well planned can cost us our freedom and our ability to make decisions which are radically different from our previous ones. When desire, lust and romance have been deselected and †the normal life† has taken its place. These obstacles are what William meets and sooner confronts in the short story by Polly Clark called †Elephant†. The story begins in media res, so as soon as the story begins we get engulfed. We are meeting William sitting at his desk surrounded by notes and facts, where his Muse has left him and he has trouble finding inspiration writing biographies of pop singers as Christine, who he finds most adorable and attracted to (l. 46 – 51). The character Christine can be interpreted as Christina Aguilera, who, with her voice and her sexual behaviour, usually is very appealing for average men. William is the typical American man, who has settled down with his wife and currently is trying to start a family. Their marriage is not filled with romance and love as one could expect, but more with expectations and compromises and it furthermore seems like William does not want a baby as much as his wife does. His mind is filled with thoughts of his biographies and how Christine must have wanted him to write about her (l. 71-72 and 76). He easily gets distracted from his thoughts and one could imagine that they are filled with his lost childhood and the things he had never been able to do in life. His flash-back to the moment when his mother gives him the blue elephant (l. 9-66) could easily be interpreted as the childhood his mother tries to give him. However, at first he could not remember the blue elephant from his childhood. It had vanished from his memory. The only thoughts that go through his mind are how he can revenge his lost childhood and regain consciousness of his identity. The narrator tells us at line 21-22: †William would have preferred the film stars (male, golden age of cinema) but those had been claimed by someone quicker of the mark †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This specific passage shows that William was needed to give up his dream because someone got in his way. By writing about male actors it would have been possible for him to get famous and his life would thereby be complete. Happiness and celebrity goes hand in hand in his mind, but ever since he had to choose another career, his dreams fell apart and he was, in his own eyes, nothing but an ordinary man. That is why he is writing about the female pop singers so in that way he partly can fulfil his dreams through the women. Nevertheless, this solution does not satisfy his desires, since he cannot relate to these women. He can relate to the male actors because of their sex, but the difference between men and women in this context becomes a huge factor for him and that gives him reason to change the stories about the women. Christine gives him trouble because of her pure mind due to her relationship with Christianity (l. 49), and his urge to make her life as miserable as his becomes even stronger. Therefore he synchronizes his life with hers and mixes the blue elephant into her childhood. For him the elephant is a symbol of regret and grief and therefore he tries even harder to make the life of Christine miserable in the eyes of the readers. As he says at line 146-147: †He wanted to give Christine something she had never had, something important of himself. † – the aspects of life he wants to give Christine are defeat and loss because she, to him, never have had a change to experience it in her famous Christian life. But because the negative symbolism of the elephant only exists for him, his made up story about the life of Christine does not become a bad experience for the readers. His attempt to make Christine a bad person is not successful (l. 135-142). That is when he realizes that his profession is not what he wants to do. The name Christine has not been chosen by coincidence and it was solely that choice of name, which gave Christine power over him. The relationship Christine has with God has been transferred to William and through it he is able to confront his obstacles and by typing the untruth about her he learns that, that is not the person he wants to be, and by this realization he becomes complete. Even though he knows that someday he is going to be †vanished from the face of the earth† (l. 148), he feels ready to start living his life again, because he finally has triumphed over his lost childhood and he definitively has found himself. His last falsity gives him the strength to stop telling lies about others, stop living trough others and gives him power to live his own life (l. 142-144). Therefore, the truth is the main theme of this text. As a subcategory comes the blue elephant being a symbol of how important the childhood is for humans. If the blue elephant vanish from the life of a child, pain and regret will come later. Therefore, the story is a form of a aide-memoire in life to parents to teach them how to raise their children. Polly Clark has written this text to tell us how important it is to keep believing in something that helps us maintain our dreams in life pure.

The Emergence of the Project of Development Essay

The Emergence of the Project of Development - Essay Example Scientific aspects of modernization emerged during the cold war, and applied in the decolonization period to change the world economy. Escobar (25) points out that technology emerged during the colonial period and during the world war. In the time of World War II, countries such as Germany engaged in reinvention of technology to support their armies during the time of war. The colonial government introduced technology in agriculture and this led to the change in agricultural style during the period of decolonization.In the advent of technology, colonized countries modeled their agricultural style, which formed a critical part of the project of global development. With improved productivity in agriculture, many continents including Africa and Asia developed and improved their economic independence. Briefly, the decolonization and post war period formed a critical step towards project development. However, a more interesting twist of events culminating to project development was the sp ecialization brought about by modernization. Technological advancement led to specialization in many facets of production. For instance, food processing industries focused on processing and hence able to develop at a higher rate. Likewise, all other facets were able to develop faster. In many countries, the post-colonial period became a period of political development and consequential socio-economic changes. Indeed, during the decolonization period, countries such as South Africa became conscious of identity politics.

Debate Over Airport Privatization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Debate Over Airport Privatization - Essay Example New airport facilities can be added by such a principal means. Historical roots depict that major highways, bridges, tunnels and telecommunication systems have been developed and progressed by the means of privatization. Theoretical researches reveal that airport privatization has become a world-wide trend since the year 1987 and the early-on of 1994 marked the agenda for privatization of airports for more than 50 countries of the world (Poole, 1994). The general concept for such an approach in developed countries includes the principal need of major modernization and expansion and the utilization of long-term franchise so as to possess private sector finance which would commence with the development of new terminals, or entirely new airports. It is an interesting fact of concern that airports are increasingly considered as enterprises rather than public services and around the world, private sector for airport management and development is being acquired by the government of both developed and developing nations. In order to improvise the airport operations, the municipal and state governments of a country can utilize the private sector in various ways. The simplest form of privatization comprises of contracting out the management of an airport on a short-term lease or sale. On the other hand, in order to generate new facilitations or entirely new airports, the private sector can be provided with a long-term franchise to finance, design and operate such facilities. In this way, military bases can be transformed in to commercial airports as well. Objectives of airport privatization are inclusive of a major factor which accentuates in its interest which is government fiscal stress. Since, government of the developing count ries often lack the resources in order to develop new airport capacities, they involve private capital and expertise in their arena. Developed countries view airports as assets and businesses as they are more of non-core functions which can better be managed as businesses by private sector enterprises. However, airport privatization brings about the abdicating control of the government over the management of airports in the private sectors which is quite contemporary, or in other words, deregulatory to some extent. The transfer of an airport, through management or lease, to the private sector is subject to public interest in the airport and its services. Profit-obtainment from a service center is potentially foreseen as a non-profit governmental operation. The funds are harmonized from the pay for the privatization of public airports, the sources of which include the end users and the customers. It, as a whole, criticizes the merits of privatization of the airports as it provides an obstacle to the concept of privatization from both the users and providers of the air transportation services. One of the

Child Labor in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Child Labor in America - Essay Example Traditionally, slavery has been considered as a means for promoting the interests of specific groups of the society. In the long past, slavery was considered as part of most countries’ social and economic life. The development of international law has led many people to believe that slavery would be significantly limited, a target that, even today, seems quite difficult to be achieved. In accordance with a report of 2000, the people suffered from slavery globally are estimated to 27 million (New York Times 2000).Moreover, it has been proved that the terms of slavery have been changed. People with significant economic or social power are no more, at least not exclusively, responsible for the development of slave. People of average income are likely to force other people to slavery. At the same time, slavery is no more an issue of race; rather people of all races are forced to slavery, in various forms, a fact that proves the severe gaps of national and international laws in reg ard to the specific issue. Particular emphasis should be given on child labor, which is highly developed worldwide. In USA, about 45,000 women and children are forced to non-decent jobs annually, as reported by the Central Intelligence AgencyIt seems that the promotion of slavery worldwide has supported the increase of child labor under terms which can be characterized as quite unfair and cruel, taking into consideration the fact that children who are forced to work do not have, usually, access to education, as other children worldwide. The modern forms of slavery are analyzed in the article of Lehoczky (2000); the above researcher notes that, today, slavery is more expanded and more difficult to be controlled than in the past. At the next level, Lehoczky (2000) refers to the view of Bales who noted that today slaves exist not only in countries of the Third World, but also ‘in London and Paris’ (Lehoczky 2000). In such environment, child labor has been significantly exp anded. An example of the extension of the particular phenomenon is the following one, as described by Bales, the views of whose on slavery have been incorporated in the article of Lehoczky: a North African girl was taken, as a child, by a France family, who ensured that they were going to pay for her studies, under the terms that the girl would work for them (Bales, in Lehoczky 2000). The result was that the girl was forced to work, being also abused, at such level that when she grew up her level of consciousness was that of a child (Bales, in Lehoczky 2000). The above example shows the potential effects, and the cruelty, of child labor even in developed countries, where, normally, no such phenomena would be expected to exist. Kevin Bales, ‘a professor of sociology at Roehampton University in London’ (Vision Media 2007), has been trying, for many years, to combat slavery. In accordance with Bales, slavery has been traditionally based on economics, meaning that people ar e likely to force others to slavery in order ‘to make a profit’ (Vision Media 2007). At the next level, Bales notes that the control of slavery is often quite difficult, being covered under processes which seem to be legal; an indicative example is the provision by Japan of about ‘100,000 entertainer – visas annually’ (Vision Media 2007). As a result, thousands of young girls have entered Japan, being promised that they were going to work; in practice, these girls end up in slavery (Vision Media 2007). Specifically, regarding the child labor, Bales notes that the problem has become major not just in developing countries, but also in developed countries, even in USA where significant efforts have been made for controlling the particular phenomenon. In fact, it seems that in USA children work in the production line of well known brands, such as GAP and NIKE (Bales 1999, p.236). The expansion of child labor can be made clear

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Research Paper - Essay Example This resulted in great economic down turn and also loss of lives, the United States up to date still compensates the veterans of the war, not forgetting that they spent a lot of money in the war, which they eventually withdrew from in the long run. Many soldiers got permanent injuries and billions lost their lives. It is estimated that 58,000 American soldiers died during the war, 300,000 were physically wounded, and 2387 reported missing (Murrin et al 143). The war not only affected the United States troops that had been in the battlefield. The wars also affected the Americans who had constantly watched the happenings on the war front, as they had been aired endlessly in the media. Many had to deal with the post war trauma while others, had to deal with the death of their loved ones. Many children were orphaned, other families never got to know what had happened to their relatives as many other soldiers were reported missing. Despite the fact that the government compensated the veterans’ families, most people had believed it had not been in its place to get involved in the war. Others argued against the government’s move to recruit young people and send them to war. The nation lost a vast number of its young gen eration through the war. The Vietnam War resulted in a financial setback that was felt throughout the United States. The country lost an estimated $167 billion spent on the war (McNamara 186). The government spent a vast amount of money to purchase and produce supplies and weapons for the army involved in the war. A failure by President Lyndon’s government to increase taxation while financing a major war and a great society simultaneously led to a notable increase in a double digit inflation that resulted in federal debt (Buckallo 87). The mounting debt served to ravage the American economy and contribute to a decrease in living standards witnessed from the late 1960s into the 90s. Further, the war veterans had to be compensated, and

Midterm Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Midterm Paper - Essay Example Theoretically, leadership is explained as a process of influencing the society in which one can procure the assistance and the support of others in the procedure of accomplishing the desired outcomes through the common tasks. In simple words, leadership is all about the leaders those who mobilize others to get the job accomplished within the organization. It reflects the practices of the leaders which they perform to transform the values into the actions, the vision of the organization into realities, the obstacles within the work into the innovations and the risk factors into the rewards. As demonstrated by Bennis & Thomas (2013) in this context, it is the leadership that creates an atmosphere where the employees face the challenge and turn the challenging situations or the opportunities into the remarkable success. Initially, I used to perceive that leadership is all about steering people towards the determined goals. But, after going through the ‘crucibles’, I realize d that I had actually mistaken between management and leadership at the theoretical level where managers are bestowed with the responsibility to direct their staff through negative and positive motivations towards predetermined goals in the short run, but leaders pursue greater responsibilities towards the sustenance of the team focusing on shared values fundamentally focusing upon the long run performances of the overall team. Being motivated by the context of Bennis & Thomas, I went through various leadership case studies, where various organizational, political as well as social leaders were assessed on the basis of their leadership qualities and the corresponding achievements. In most instances, especially when reading about the modern day organizational leaders, I found that they attempt to find logical solutions to the problems encountered within the organization. The controlling power and the directing power possessed by these leaders have been further observed to reward them with a height in their achievements which has also been addressed in the discussion of Bennis & Thomas. According to my learning, intellectual analytical skills are quite essential for leaders to perform in the increasingly competitive environment of the 21st century wherein Bennis & Thomas reveals that leadership concepts and approaches have changed over the past few decades. This is when I realized that leadership is not at all an easy task and I needed to develop my skills immensely to reach the level already benchmarked by these leaders. In accordance with the above scenario a drastic change came to my perception not only regarding my competencies as a leader but also regarding my approach towards life. This particular experience or learning exposed the underneath values and beliefs related to the leadership qualities and theories that were inherited in my mind. The article by Bennis & Thomas focuses on the leadership practices in automotive industry which has recently been wit nessed strong effects from economic downturn and high degree of fluctuations in the customer buying behavior within the worldwide context. Presenting an interesting scenario, the authors successfully draws the attention of the readers about leadership that such skills can be developed through regular life experiences as well. In fact, learning and developing leadership skills through experiences has been argued as a more effective procedure or rather the most essential quality of an effective leader as argued in the

Greetings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greetings - Essay Example There is reverence in his actions, and his movements appear to be measured, most likely due to the importance of his role. It is difficult to determine whether the dialogue is a normal part of the ceremony, or whether there is some debate about what is going on. In the third part, one of the men speaks something softly, which is difficult to hear, but suggests that there may be some contention about the way that events are proceeding. Based on observation and listening to the four clips, most of the conversations appear to be instructions. One indication of this is the fact that they are given loudly, suggesting that they are not conversational in nature. Although multiple people do speak, their body language suggests that they are not speaking to each other, but to the room as a whole. Following this first considerations, the four scenes were reexamined, with the text above the videos and the transcripts themselves taken into account. On the basis of this it can be concluded that some of the first perspectives I proposed were correct, while others were not. The additional information agrees with the concept that this is a ceremony, and that the role of the individual distributing the kava is important. However, the one of the first lines shows that the person distributing is just a random person from the group. One part that was interesting, which was not immediately obvious when only considering the audio is the partial debate about what person should be given the kava next. One person argues that the person given the first drink should be the one who called the meeting rather than the highest ranking person. In the third clip a cup is given to one individual, who also argues that the cup should be given to the person who called the meeting before him. As such, the transcript and descriptions show that the ceremony was not as straightforward as it

Article analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Analysis - Article Example arding specific learning needs of students with LD in the classrooms and how they are able to adopt instructions for such particular students in the middle schools .The third question deals with perception teachers who teach mathematics in the middle schools on issues of resources and support for such inclusion by the teachers. The last question deals with perceptions of the mathematics teachers of middle school on issues of preparation received in programs of pre service in inclusion of students in classrooms. The literature background supports the need for the study. This is because there is need to reduce the generalization of teachers who use inclusive classrooms in needs for students with LD. The literature provides an academic analysis of previous research done on the topic on what teachers can do to improve the effectiveness of using the inclusive classrooms and programs for meeting the need of the students with LD. The variables under study were gender of the teachers, educational level, years of experience teaching, years of experience teaching in inclusion settings, number of math courses, number of inclusion- or LD-related workshops, level of support services, Level of administrative support .The variables used in the study were independent variables. They used descriptive statistical procedures to enable in describing the features of the data. It provided basic summaries on the sample used and the measures. This was used to be able to describe what the data was and what the data showed. Some respondents agreed that students with LD should be taught mathematics with general education students however other respondents stated that students with LD should be taught in inclusive classrooms .A percentage of twenty-one percent of teachers agreed that middle schools positively executed the inclusion practices where others were undecided. The responses were varied and indicated that many schools are doubtful the resource room effectively ensures learning of

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

Reading Response - Essay Example This leads us to two critically important questions. Is the modern liberation movement heading in the right direction or too much assertion is used to bring a change? Also, how long will it take to eradicate gender stereotypes from society? Feminist artists have contributed a lot to revolutionize the image of women. They have asserted through their works that a woman’s personality cannot be defined by men, rather she is herself the maker of meaning. This means that the status of women in society cannot be labelled submissive. It is important for a woman’s body to be seen through a woman’s eyes because this effectively disrupts the centuries old concepts held and promoted by men. Conventional femininity reinforces this male idea that women are delicate and docile (Frueh 194). So, modern feminist art has definitely focused on female body a lot in myriad different ways. This leads us to important questions. Does concentrating focus on female nudity in art contribute much to changing patriarchal views? Does feminist art play a significant role in emancipating

Fascinating Moment Essay Example for Free

Fascinating Moment Essay Miller successfully makes the Vinny Bolzano story a fascinating moment to return to by carefully planning the plot of the play. In the beginning, because Eddie told the story of Vinny Bolzano, we believe that no matter how much he hates the cousins, he wouldn’t do anything like Vinny because of his belief in loyalty to family and the community. However, just before he leaves Alfieri’s office, we see the phone-booth gradually light up, symbolizing the triumph of Eddies desperation over his conscience as he contemplates the idea of snitching to the Immigration Bureau. Earlier in the play, Eddie shows his belief in the unspoken code of honour and Italian ‘justice’ when he tells Catherine the story of Vinny Bolzano to warn her about snitching on Marco and Rodolfo and the consequences, and is very particular on pointing out how no one should know that they are harbouring illegal immigrants. The story of Vinny is not merely that of a young boy who betrays his own uncle to the authorities. It also goes to show the price he has to pay for that betrayal. He is humiliated in the street by his own parents and he leaves his house never to be heard of again. The fact that Eddie does the exact same thing of which he has spoken with such horror is ironic, but for the audience who were warned at the start of the play it is dramatic irony. Eddie forgot the words which he made very clear to Catherine, you can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word that you gave away. His words foreshadow his own destruction. Now he finds this saying to be true: his feigned horror on finding the Liparis have relatives sharing with Marco and Rodolfo, and his suggestion that they are being tracked, coming just before the immigration officers arrive, is a giveaway. It is also made more of a community issue because now he hasn’t just snitched on his own family but also on the Liparis. Lipari and his wife, Louis and Mike, the stage representatives of the wider community, one by one leave Eddie alone, symbolizing his isolation. Both Catherine and Beatrice are speechless with shock when they realise what Eddie has done, and immediately, their opinion of him changes from love to hate. Miller uses Beatrice’s unbelieving â€Å"Oh, my God, my God† to show that even she, who had stood by and supported Eddie, had now turned against him.  To add further insult to injury, Marco later spits in Eddie’s face, and is then carried away before Eddie can retaliate. This sequence of events further degrades Eddie’s character, and will lead to his end being far more tragic, as he is deserted, disgraced and angry at how he thinks his good intentions are being misinterpreted and thrown back in his face. The climax of the play is a showdown and it clearly shows the ignominious consequences that Eddie brought upon himself. Marco believes it is dishonourable to let Eddie live, but has given his word not to kill him. Eddie pulling a knife out means that Marco can see justice done, while keeping his word. Again the action is symbolic of the plays deeper meaning. Eddie literally dies by his own hand, which holds the knife, and is killed by his own weapon; but Eddie also metaphorically destroys himself, over the whole course of the play. And this is what Alfieri introduces to at the plays opening: the sight of a man destroying himself, while those around him are as powerless as a theatre audience to prevent it. Alfieris speech at the beginning begins by introducing a lot of concepts which are explored later in the play. He begins with a speech on lawyers and the distrust that originates from it, You see how uneasily they nod to me? Thats because I am a lawyer a lawyer means the law, and in Sicily the law has not been a friendly idea. Both Eddie and Marco allow their personal feelings to affect their idea of justice. They are not strong enough to take an objective view. We see that Alfieri is right, people are not strong enough to execute true justice, their desires and feeling always take a part. This is why it is better to rely on the law, which although flawed offers an objective view. We can see later in the play that both Eddie and Marco turn to the law for help, but the law lets them down, You mean to tell me that theres no law that a guy which he aint right can go to work and marry a girl and ?. These two parts of the play link to show us that the law will often clash with loyalty, and when something interferes with loyalty, one often has to turn to the law for help; however, the law may often deal with the problems too severely. We can see this by the drastic action that Eddie has to take to remove Rodolfo from Catherine’s love. Alfieri says This is not God only God makes justice. The idea that the corporate federal law is inadequate comes out in a few places in the play. One example is when Marco is in jail and talks to Alfieri about what will happen to Eddie. Marco says all the law is not in a book. This tells us that Italians have many different rules to Americans to do with punishment and believe in getting justice rather than abiding by the law. With this, Miller tries to show the culture clash as Americans believe more in law whereas the Italians believe in justice. Justice is a very important because it links in with honour. Honour is shown to be very important, especially to the male characters. It means far more to them than the law. To be honourable is to be respected. If you do anything dishonourable, you lose respect. That is why Marco and Eddie are so keen to protect their names and get a just conclusion. Codes of honour bind families and the whole neighbourhood with a sense of community. Everyone should look out for one another, to betray someone is the most dishonourable action imaginable.

Validity Of A Badminton Specific Vo2max Test Physical Education Essay

Validity Of A Badminton Specific Vo2max Test Physical Education Essay The characteristics of badminton have been studied in detail in an attempt to further the knowledge of coaches and athletes in order to improve performance and training regimes (Chin et al, 1995; Hughes and Cosgrove, 2007). Badminton is a sport that requires repeated high intensity, short duration movements that places both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems under physiological stress (Manrique and Badillo, 2003). During matches performers undertake bursts of high intensity activity followed by recovery periods regularly throughout the match. Matches at an elite level can vary in length from 20 minutes to an hour (Hughes and Cosgrove, 2007). Through the understanding of the sports technical, intermittent and explosive nature, athletes can train and prepare appropriately in order to meet the physiological demands placed on them during competition. During badminton match play, individuals require a combination of the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems, as well as the physiological requirements of power, flexibility, agility and movement speed, all of which are essential to provide effective match performance. During match play, it has been identified that individuals will maintain heart rates of over 75% of Heart Rate maximum (HR max) in the doubles discipline and over 80% of HR max in singles (Hughes and Cosgrove, 2007). In order for athletes to be able to perform successfully at these intensities for an extended period of time, their aerobic energy systems must be able to hope with such demands. In order for this to be possible training must be conducted appropriately and specifically enough to allow for successful adaptations to occur. This training can be undertaken through work within a gymnasium where aspects of cardiovascular fitness and strength and conditioning can be improved, alongside on-court training to improve technical ability and fitness. Knowing the effectiveness of certain methods of training can give athletes an advantage when it comes to competition. Girard et al., (2005) highlighted the limitations of using treadmill testing within racquet sports such as squash and badminton. They emphasised that exercise testing on the treadmill is not specific enough for the muscles involved in these sports and is therefore inadequate for evaluating the specific demands of the sport. Consequently, assessing the effectiveness of training adaptations in relation to match performance can only be conducted through the use of specific testing. This has enforced the view that, the development of appropriate fitness tests in sport is generally considered to be one of the essential tasks of sports scientists (Chin et a l., 1995). Chin et al., (1995) suggested that the customary standardised tests for aerobic fitness are not sufficient for an accurate prediction of successful performance in most sports, especially racket sports. They go on to claim that due to the intermittent characteristics of badminton, an accurate fitness test cannot be appropriately simulated in a laboratory situation. Therefore, it is necessary to assess physiological profiles of such sports during field tests. Wonisch et al., (2003) suggested that the direct measurement of respiratory gas exchange variables under field conditions may be useful in future research. They also suggested that further studies under competition-like conditions may provide additional information about the impact of aerobic power in badminton. Recent technological advancements have enabled the development of lightweight ambulatory metabolic devices allowing for an accurate evaluation of racquet sports such as badminton whilst on court. This has proved essential for assessing the specific demands of sport due to the ability to analyse and record specific physiological contributions to exercise, such as VO2, VCO2 and RER, within 5 second intervals. Studies which have used this method of assessing the physiological demands of badminton include; Roecker et al. (2005) and Faude et al. (2007). Previously, physiological profiling using mixing-chamber based metabolic devices have been undertaken in football (Ferrauti et al. 2006), tennis (Smekal et al. 2001), and badminton (Faccini and Dal Monte, 1996) but were all unable to attain accurate and sport specific values reflecting the physiological demands. Sport-specific fitness tests have been created for the Badminton England and the Welsh Institute of Sport. These field tests have been designed to be highly sport-specific and easily administered by players and coaches (Hughes and Cosgrove, 2007). These tests are able to assess; jumping ability, movement speed, and aerobic performance. These tests have been used to provide specific fitness testing results which can enable the coach to identify whether an athleteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance is being restricted by movement technique or general fitness (Hughes and Cosgrove, 2007). Recently a sport specific, incremental aerobic fitness test has been developed by the Badminton England. Hughes, (2003) designed the protocol that will be used to investigate the physiological responses of badminton performers whilst on court. This is aimed at participants reaching a point of exhaustion by the end of the testing. It is proposed that when athletes reach exhaustion during this type of test, VO2max values could be attained. This is what is to be studied during this research process and if found to be the case, this testing procedure could provide a more accurate and effective method of assessing VO2max, and could phase out the use of treadmill VO2max testing within badminton. Using a badminton-specific incremental test to generate VO2max results rather than the generic treadmill VO2max test can provide increased validity in the assessment of an individual badminton playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fitness level. It is important to be able to assess athletes in such ways in order to improve performance and adapt training regimes, especially at an elite level. However, as of yet there has not been testing conducted into the relationships between the three different endurance tests used in the study; the treadmill test and the on-court incremental test, which both provide measures of performance in terms of time to fatigue and the VO2 max result; and the speed endurance test which measures performance in terms of maximal speed, average speed and fatigue throughout the test. VO2max on-court is not only related to aerobic fitness, but also technique and the efficiency of on court movement. This is why it is important to investigate whether these tests are suitable fo r widespread use within badminton for accurately assessing individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s playersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ fitness levels, as well as identifying the effectiveness of specific field testing for application within all sports. .

Psychotropics in Paediatrics or Adolescents

Psychotropics in Paediatrics or Adolescents Introduction Psychotropic drugs are medications and chemical formulations that cross the blood brain barrier to act on the central nervous system to stimulate the change of mood and behaviour of an individual. Schatzberg and Nemeroff (2009) underscore that it is important to note that these medications are not curative but rather palliative, and although they may improve symptoms associated with various mental disorders, they do not cure the primary cause of the disorders. According to Perry (2007), psychotropic medications include antidepressants, antipsychotic or neuroleptics, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drugs, and antimanic or anxiolytics among others. This paper aims at discussing the physiological implications of using psychotropic medications in paediatric and adolescent populations with a bias on neuroleptic/antipsychotic, anxiolytic/antianxiety and ADHD drugs. While there may be reservations regarding the use of psychotropic medication in children and the physiologic effect of these drugs on young people’s central nervous system development, leaving mental disorders untreated is not a viable option as evidently supported by medical literature. This is because untreated mental illness may cause paramount long-term morbidity and even irreversible deficits in socio-emotional and cognitive functioning. Regardless of ethical and legal reservations surrounding the use of psychotropic drugs among paediatric and adolescent patients, analyses of data on their use reveals fast changing trends pointing to increased use. According to Hsia and MacLennan (2009) there was a three-fold increase of the number of children/adolescents taking any psychotropic drug between 1987 and 1996. Adolescent visit to physicians significantly increased psychotropic prescriptions as evidenced by an increase to 8.3% of the prescriptions in 2001, up from 3.4% in 1994 (Hsia MacLennan, 2009). In 2001, psychotropic prescriptions made up 8.8% of all psychopharmacological prescriptions among patients aged between 6 and 17 years (Hsia MacLennan, 2009). In terms of gender, more male paediatrics and adolescents are on these medications compared to their female counterparts. Due to increased incidences of anxiety, depressive, manic, and other psychotropic disorders in paediatrics and adolescents, there has been an increased acceptance and need for use of neuroleptics, anxiolytics and antidepressant drugs in these patients. Neuroleptics and their implications on paediatrics/adolescent Neuroleptics, also known as major tranquilizers or antipsychotic drugs are used primarily to treat psychoses and symptoms. In paediatrics and adolescents, they are also indicated in the treatment of other non-psychotic psychiatric disorders. They are the drugs of first choice in treatment of autism and schizophrenia in children and adolescence. Kalyna and Virani (2007) explain that neuroleptics are used in treatment of paediatrics and adolescents with severely aggressive conduct disorders, Tourette’s disorder, and chronic motor or vocal tic disorder. Antipsychotic drugs are also used in the treatment of ADHD but their use has decreased due to increased use of stimulant medications which are more effective for this disorder. Examples of antipsychotic drugs include haloperidol, chlorpromazine, molindone and fluphenazine. Newer formulations include olanzepine, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson, 2010). The use of neuroleptics on paediatrics and adolescents has several implications. Side effects associated with long-term use of these medications in this population include akathesia, acute dystonic reactions, parkinsonian symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, anticholinergic symptoms and sedation. They also lower seizure threshold in susceptible subjects and drugs such as Chlorpromazine should not be used in such patients. Tardive dyskinesia is a grave concern and has been reported in about 1 to 20% of paediatrics and adolescents on long-term use of neuroleptics (Kalyna Virani, 2007). It may occur as early as 5 months after commencement of treatment or may delay to up to 3 years. Since paediatrics and adolescents have more dopamine receptors than adults, they are more sensitive to side effects affecting the central nervous system. Long-term use of neuroleptics should be avoided in this population but †¦.contends that low doses may be recommended in selected difficult cases. Other side effects associated with neuroleptics include weight gain, irregular menses and breast enlargement in adolescents. Doran (2013) documents that second-generation anti-psychotic (SGA’s) drugs can cause metabolic disturbances and weight gain in paediatrics and adolescents even during first-time treatment. For instance, in a trial of treatment of schizophrenia with olanzapine, 30% of the paediatric/adolescent subjects gained weight compared to 6% in adult subjects (Doran, 2013). Other SGAs such as risperidone, quetiapine and clozapine also posted similar results with the paediatric/adolescent subjects gaining between 0.9 to 16.2 kilograms (Doran, 2013). Withdrawal of neuroleptics or lowering of the dosage may lead to withdrawal emergent syndrome with resultant aggravation of psychotic symptoms. This has been reported in paediatrics and symptoms include ataxia, vomiting and nausea. In a study by Vitiello (2008) as high as 51% of the paediatric patients showed the withdrawal symptoms, usually occurring after few days to few weeks after drug withdrawal. Clozapine has been associated with deaths of two paediatric patients with the mechanism being linked to sudden cessation of treatment (Vitiello, 2008). Haloperidol has been demonstrated to interfere with the children and adolescent’s daily routine including social and school activities. Neuroleptics increase sedation, lethargy and somnolence in paediatrics and adolescents than in adults; for instance, this was demonstrated in 30% to 49% of paediatric patients being treated with Risperidone in contrast to 7% of adults taking the same drug for bipolar mania (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson , 2010). Anxiolytics and their implications on paediatric/adolescents Anxiolytics are psychopharmacologic drugs used to treat anxiety disorders in paediatrics and adolescents. Other conditions for which they may used include sleep disorder, aggressive behaviours and psychosis. They include selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and busipirone. Anxiety disorders are greatly predominant in adolescence; between 6 and 20% of children have a type of anxiety disorder (Kalyna Virani, 2007). Doran (2013) documents that use of benzodiazepines in paediatrics and adolescents has tripled over the last 10 years. Anxiolytics are recommended to be used only after an aftermath of an event e.g. traumatic event and should be used for short periods (not more than two weeks) to avoid the risk of developing addiction or diminished efficacy. A recent review shows that SSRIs have become the preferred pharmacological intervention for paediatric anxiety disorders. They have very potent anxiolytic effects and their tolerance among paediatrics and adolescents is high. However, this class of psychotropic drugs has been associated with increased suicidal ideation. A well-documented controversy in paediatric and adolescent psychopharmacology occurred in 2003 when FDA issued public alert warning prescribers of increased ideation and attempts of suicide among patients below 18 years on anxiolytics (Vitiello, 2008). This contributed to a substantial drop in rates of diagnosis and prescription of these drugs among paediatric and adolescent population. Later, after a meta-analysis of numerous clinical trials of nine drugs in this class, it was demonstrated that there was only a marginal increase (0.7%) increase in the suicidal ideation with no actual increase in completed suicides (Schatzberg Nemeroff, 2009). However, this has led to adoption of a multidisciplinary approach towards management of paediatric and adolescent depression to encompass both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Cardiovascular adverse effects are often reported with most anti-anxiety medications because these drugs act on the autonomic system. Such side effects include increase in heart rate and changes in blood pressure. Although these side effects are generally not of major clinical significance while taking psychotropic medications, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) such as desipramine have been inconclusively linked to sudden death among paediatric patients (Kalyna Virani, 2007). Therefore, it is imperative for the prescribing physicians to take a comprehensive patient history, as well as monitor the electrocardiograms, heart rate and blood pressure changes of the paediatric and adolescent patients before and during treatment with psychotropic agents such as TCAs. Lamotrigine manifestly increases the risk for severe skin reactions and hives in paediatrics and adolescents (Dulcan, 2010). Another critical consideration in anxiolytic use of drugs in these subjects is drug interactions. Drugs that inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzyme system could have adverse effects on the subjects if concomitantly administered with anxiolytics (Perry, 2007). Antifungal drugs and some antibiotics such as erythromycin when co-administered with SSRIs such as fluoxetine can cause cardiac arrhythmias (Perry, 2007). Others such as imipramine and Lamotrigine can cause toxic delirium (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson, 2010). The prescribers must document all medications that may have drug-drug interactions with psychotropics as well as those that have direct or indirect effect on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. ADHD drugs and their implications on paediatrics/adolescents Stimulants used in management of ADHD are some of the most used psychotropic drugs among paediatrics and adolescents. However, trepidation persists due to concerns of the adverse effects of these drugs on the growth rate in paediatrics. Use of stimulant psychotropic drugs has been associated with stunted growth rates. The Multimodal Therapy of ADHD study demonstrated that stimulant psychotropic drugs, especially in high doses, reduce growth velocity and weight (Gelder et. al, 2009). This is due to appetite loss, a common adverse effect associated with these stimulant drugs. However, in most cases normal growth seems to rebound once the psychostimulant agents are withdrawn with no significant suppression of ultimate height attained. Nevertheless, some studies have revealed that pyschostimulants continue to suppress growth in early and late adolescence. Rosenberg and Gershon (2002) explain that pyschostimulants such as methylphenidate may permanently cause stunted growth by affecting e piphyseal closing of long bones if used between ages 17 and 21 years. However, Cheng and Myers (2010) outline that suppression of growth could be because of the underlying mental disorder, for instance, ADHD rather than the treatment. One disconcerting physiological implication of ADHD drugs especially in paediatrics being treated for hyperactivity or outbursts is the aggravation of the condition with the medication, a phenomenon referred to as paradoxical response. Doran (2013) explains that in a small number of paediatric/adolescent patients may severely increase nervousness and agitation instead of reducing it (disinhibition). These subjects may become giddier, act sillier or even manic. Similarly, some younger patients may be more depressed after being put on antidepressants. Studies have shown paediatrics and adolescents getting more moody and agitated after receiving mood treatment psychotropic drugs in ADHD treatment (Kalyna Virani, 2007). Others on stimulants may become more hyperactive and fail even to respond to sleep-inducing drugs. Research by Hamrin, McCarthy and Tyson (2010) shows that if a paediatric or adolescent patient shows paradoxical effect to one class of psychotropic drugs, there is a 50% o f similar reaction if he or she is given another drug of the same class. Paediatrics and adolescents have a lower albumin binding capacity and reduced adipose compartment, leading to a higher percentage of unbound compound than adults. Similarly, their drug biotransformation rates are higher, and this could reduce the half-life of the drugs relatively increasing the risk for toxic metabolite levels. This may contribute to physiological rebound effect where the paediatric and adolescent patients present with exacerbation of symptoms than original symptomatology (Dulcan, 2010). This often occurs when drug plasma levels decrease due to increased hepatic elimination and subsequent renal excretion. The subjects show symptoms such as hyperactivity, irritability, insomnia, over talkativeness, excitability and non-compliance (Dulcan, 2010). Schatzberg and Nemeroff (2009) explain that this can be remedied by adding a small afternoon dose or using slow-release preparations. The physician may also opt to use short- and long acting medications. Other implications of ADHD drugs on paediatrics and adolescents are the drug’s adverse effects. In a meta-analysis review, 32% of the doctors were concerned with decreased appetite and loss of weight association with these drugs. Half of them raised concerns about disturbed sleep while 22% were apprehensive of the increased anxiety. Other physicians indicated that they were concerned about possible diversion of ADHD drugs and felt burdened by prescribing these controlled drugs for paediatrics and adolescents. There is a high potential for abuse of controlled stimulant drugs used in ADHD treatment which can be achieved by crushing and snorting the medication. However, this abuse potential has been addressed through extended release formulations and introduction of skin patches which are less susceptible to abuse. Conclusion Psychopharmacological treatment in paediatrics and adolescents is an area of on-going ethical discussion, as these subjects affected by mental disorders are a vulnerable class of patients. The use of psychotropic drugs in children below 8 years is under-researched; this is because most of these drugs are developed and researched in adults. In addition, it could also be due to existing ethical and legal considerations that hamper access of research to such studies. Paediatrics and adolescents with psychotic disorders will classically be put on psychotropic drugs while those with other disorders will be put on non-pharmacological treatment. Sometimes, both approaches may be used simultaneously. Logically, the benefits of pharmacological intervention must outweigh potential risks associated with use of these drugs in these young people. An important consideration is the proof of the efficacy and safety of the drug for the age of the patient and the specific disorder. Psychopharmacothera py in paediatrics and adolescents requires a holistic, multidisciplinary approach. Pharmacovigilance in use of psychotropic agents among these subjects as well as their long-term efficacy and adverse effects are indispensable. It is evident that paediatric and adolescent patients are, to say the least, more vulnerable to adverse effects of psychotropics than adults are. With the increasing adoption of psychopharmacological interventions in treatment of paediatrics and adolescents with mental disorders, novel research is vital to come up with clear evidence-based recommendations on use psychotropics in these subjects. References Cheng, K. Myers, K. M. (2010). Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: The Essentials. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Dulcan, M. K. (2010). Dulcan’s Textbook of Child and Psychiatry. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Doran, C. M. (2013). Prescribing Mental Health Medication: the Practitioner’s Guide. Oxon: Routledge Publishers, Inc. Hamrin, V., McCarthy, E. M. Tyson, V. (2010). Paediatric psychotropic medication initiation and adherence: a literature review based on social exchange theory. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23, pp. 233-242. Hsia, Y. MacLennan, K. (2009). Rise in psychotropic drug prescribing in children and adolescents during 1992-2001: A population-based study in the UK: European Journal of Epidemiology, 24(4), pp. 211-216. Rosenberg, D. Gershon, S. (2002). Pharmacotherapy for child and psychiatric disorders. New York: CRC Press. Gelder, M., Andreasen, N., Lopez-Ibor, J. Geddes, J. (2009). New Oxford textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kalyna, Z. B. Virani, A. S. (2007). Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs for Children and Adolescents. Boston, MA: Hogrefe Publishing GmbH. Perry, P. J. (2007). Psychotropic Drug Handbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Schatzberg, A. F. Nemeroff, C. B. (2009). Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Vitiello, B. (2008). An international perspective on paediatric psychopharmacology. International Review of Psychiatry, 20, pp. 121-126.

Fuzzy Systems and Machine Intelligence Essay -- Artificial Intelligenc

Fuzzy Systems and Machine Intelligence Abstract: Our natural language is perhaps the most powerful form of communicating information for any given problem or situation. Combining natural language and numerical information into fuzzy systems provides the framework to represent knowledge, constraints and inference procedures. Fuzzy systems provide advantages in the development of systems solutions that perform tasks such as automatic modeling, prediction, pattern recognition, and optimal decision making, control and planning. With this, fuzzy systems are an essential tool for industrial and manufacturing systems engineering. Fuzzy logic is a different approach to representing uncertainty - it emphasizes the double meanings of words in describing events - rather than the uncertainty about whether an event will occur, and allows decision-making under that uncertainty. Fuzzy logic attempts to capture the imperfect way we describe concepts, and works with them to form conclusions. The wonderful thing about fuzzy logic is how you can apply everyday language to a problem. A descriptive sentence such as: "a little noisy, a lot of dirt, and deep carpet", can be decoded by a fuzzy logic system to perform various tasks based on the knowledge derived from the terms. An interesting thing about fuzzy logic is that it is always trying to work, and by tweaking the system, the programmer is simply "showing" the system how to do a better job. The operator is still in control, but the fuzzy logic is mimicking how an operator would react given the same situation. Introduction to the topic: Fuzzy logic is a system analysis and modeling approach that allows an easier transition between complex human thought processes and the ... ...sed to answer specific questions and provide definitions and examples of applications. Addresses are provided to those locations. The Fuzzy Logic Frequently Asked Questions Archive: ht tp://www.uni-passau.de/archive/faq/comp.answers/fuzzy-logic/ Brubaker, David I. "Fuzzy Rules and Membership Functions from Data," Huntington Technical Brief, July 1993, No. 40. Cox, Earl. The Fuzzy Systems Handbook: A Practitioner's Guide to Building, Using, and Maintaining Fuzzy Systems. Academic Press, New York, 1994. Kosko, Bart. Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1992. Mcneill, Daniel, and Freiberger, Paul, Fuzzy Logic, Simon and Schuster, 1992. Zadeh, Lotfi A. "Fuzzy Sets." Information & Control, Vol. 8, 1965, pp338-353. Zurada, Jacek M. Artificial Neural Systems. West Publishing Co., New York, 1992.

Hitler Youth :: essays research papers

I thought the most interesting aspect of the Hitler Youth movement was the beginning of it all, when the numbers were small to when the organization held a lot of power. The years 1933-1938 were the most influential of the youth movement. These years determined what the organization would become and how much power they would hold.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Hitler came into power as the German Chancellor in 1933, the Hitler youth was not nearly close to an idea of what it was to become. Around this time, The Hitler Youth Organization numbered around one hundred thousand. Until two months later when Hitler was given dictatorial powers, which meant the state, was behind the Hitler Youth now. Immediately Hitler ordered that either organizations join the Nazi’s or disband. If the organizations chose to join the Hitler Youth Movement were under the power of Baldur Von Schirach who Hitler appointed to be the head of The Youth organization, with only Hitler to answer to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schirach began quickly by sending the fifty boys into The Reich’s Committee of German Youth Association, and taking the six million members under the authority of the Hitler youth. So most of the recruitment for the Youth Movement was forced. Some groups did join willing though, but groups like The Catholic Youth Organization held out for as long as three years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schirach soon organized Hitler’s Youth Movement into a precise running machine. He set up age brackets as well as a Hitlers youth for girls called the BDM(Bund Deutcher Madel{League of German Girls}). The age brackets for boys started at ten to fourteen were the boys were in the jungvolk, and the boys from fourteen to eighteen were in the HJ(Hitler Jugend{Youth}). The girls had their age brackets as well the young girls from ten to fourteen were in the Jungmadel, and the girls from fourteen to eighteen were in the actual BDM.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The youth organization was based on competition on what ever they did boys or girls. The boys and girls did not participate together though, they did do very much of the same things. The boys played War games, and often started brawls, which was not discouraged because the Nazi’s believed it was toughing up the youth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The only problem Schirach was running into was that he could not find enough qualified people to be Youth leaders. Schirach could not fill the positions because the youth movement was growing so fast.

Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

Ernest Hemingway lived his life as he wanted. His writing touched the hearts of millions. His sentences were short and to the point but his novels strong and unforgettable. He wrote about what he felt like writing about. On July 21, 1899, Ernest Hemingway was born. He was created by Dr. Clarence Edmonds and Grace Hall Hemingway. His hometown was a small town named Oak Park. Oak Park was in Illinois. His father was a practicing doctor, and later taught him how to hunt and fish. His mother on the other hand had wished that he would become a professional musician. Hemingway did not like his mother and when he grew up he would call her "the old bitch". He grew up in a somewhat religious environment. He went to Oak Park and River Forest High School, which is where he realized his writing gift. Besides writing, other activities that he loved included swimming, and boxing. When he was18 years old he had an important decision to make he could either move to Kansas city, which was growing more and more every day, or he could go to collage. His final choice was that he would move to Kansas City. In Kansas City he got a job as a cub reporter on the Kansas City Star. At the train station his father, who latter on in Ernest's life would commit suicide which would totally disgust Ernest, kissed his son goodbye with tears in his eyes. This exact moment in time would be the soul purpose for a book he wrote called "For Whom the Bell Tolls". One of the reasons why he wrote that book is because he felt so much older than his father at that time that he could hardly bear it any longer. While he was at Kansas City he was quite and did not stand out much. He stayed to himself. He went through a little culture shock due to the fact that Kansas City was a lot more complex than Oak Hill was. His writing style was first introduced by the Star. His writing was brief, and to the point. His writing had to be like that at the time because he was a news writer, but he would carry that style over to fiction when the time came. In May of 1918, Hemingway wanted to join the Army but could not due to a defective left eye which he inherited from his mother.

Feminism in Post-war United States

The construction of a just and humane society, just like other social and institutional facts is a long and tedious process, nevertheless, the task needs to be done. Within the United States, the construction of such a society stands as a result of the various historical changes within the country, an example of which can be seen in the changes within the country after its participation in the Second World War. The country’s participation in Second World War proved to be beneficial for its citizens on certain aspects as it enabled what Reinhold Niebuhr would state as the emergence of the ‘children of light’.In line with Niehbur’s argument in his book The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, the ‘children of light’ emerged within the post-World War II United States as the conditions within the country enabled the development of a society which opted for unity within the conditions of freedom and order (20-21). An example of this is ev ident in the development of the feminist movement in post-World War II United States. The feminist movement in the United States stands as a result of the nationalist and cultural movements in post-World War II United States.Feminist movements within the United States during this period took the form of either socialist feminism, radical feminism, or liberal feminism. Each of these strands of feminism focuses on issues pertaining to women’s exclusion from the political sphere; they differ however in their view as to what enables such an exclusion. Socialist feminists argue that such an exclusion stands as a result of the moral order of social organizations.Radical feminists, on the other hand, argue that such an exclusion stands as a result of the prevalent sex or gender system in society. Finally, liberal feminists argue that such an exclusion stands as a result of the inequality amongst the sexes. Despite the differences of these three strands of feminism mentioned above, t he development of these three strands shows the manner in which post-World War II United States opted for the development of equality between the sexes through the ascription not only of rationality but also agency upon women.Amongst the strands of feminism mentioned above, it is the initial strand [radical feminism] which proved to be significant for the development of the feminist movement during the initial period of post-World War II America as it highlighted the development of the second wave of feminism in the United States. Betty Friedan (1968), in her book The Feminine Mystique, specifies the difference between the first and second wave of feminism.She argues that as opposed to the first wave of feminism which was characterized by the creation of the ‘feminine mystique’ which enabled the discovery of women’s selves within the context of their initial roles in their careers, families, and relationships; the second wave of feminism was characterized by the deconstruction of the ‘feminine mystique’ as a result of women’s recognition of the continuously oppressive character of their initial ‘freed’ position in society (33-34). Since the second wave was influenced by the civil-rights protests and peace protests, it became more activist in character.An example of this activist character of the second wave of feminism is apparent in Kate Millet’s radical strand of feminism in her book Sexual Politics. Kate Millet (2000), in her book Sexual Politics, discusses one of the main issues of the feminist movement in post-World War II United States. Within her book, Millet argues that inequality between the sexes stands as a result of the unequal distribution of power amongst the sexes in society. She argues that women’s subordination stands as a result of the ideological indoctrination of women by a patriarchal society.She states that the â€Å"essence of politics† as power involves seeking to prove that â€Å"however muted its present appearance may be, sexual dominion obtains nevertheless as perhaps the most pervasive ideology of our culture and provides its most fundamental concepts of power† (Millet 25). The title of her book Sexual Politics thereby aims to present her view of how women’s subordination stands as a result of the continuation of patriarchal politics within both the private and public spheres of life.Millet divides her book into three parts. The first part entitled â€Å"Sexual Politics† presents Millet’s thesis regarding the nature of power relations between the sexes. The second part entitled â€Å"Historical Background† presents a survey of the feminist struggle within the United States during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Finally, the third part entitled â€Å"The Literary Reflection† presents Millet’s views as to how the power relations between the sexes are visible in the literary works of D.H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Norman Mailer, and Jean Genet. Millet’s argument that the content of literary works mirrors the power relations between the sexes is based on the assumption that literature has a mimetic character. In other words, for Millet the content of literary works mirror reality and hence the content of literary works may be used as a means of gauging how women have been continuously subordinated by men through their indoctrination of a patriarchal ideology.Within this context, the importance of Millet’s aforementioned book may thereby be ascribed to its existence as a socio-historical text which takes literature as a source material for a hypothesis about the relationships between men and women in the non-literary world from the late nineteenth century to the present time. In addition to this, Millet’s book stands as the first text which uses a feminist approach in reading or interpreting literary works.In line with Niehbur’s claim re garding the emergence of the ‘children of light’, one may note that the development of the feminist movement in post-World War II United States showed an example of the emergence of the ‘children of light’ since the movement enabled the development of a United States which opted for the equality between the sexes thereby creating a free and orderly society through the emergence of works that not only subverted the predominant ideology in society during that period but also created a new perspective in understanding reality.In the case of Kate Millet’s Sexual Politics, this is evident in her creation of a feminist standpoint for assessing literary works.